Rethinking Transportation 2020-2030 (2017)

1 Challer, Bruce. 2017. Turns out, Uber is clogging the streets. New York Daily News, February 27. Retrieved from https://www.nydailynews.com/2017/02/27/turns-out-uber-is-clogging-the-streets/.

3 U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. Personal Consumption Expenditures and Gross Domestic Product. Retrieved from FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/graph/?g=hh3.

5 Challer. 2017. Retrieved from https://www.nydailynews.com/2017/02/27/turns-out-uber-is-clogging-the-streets/.

6 (Muoio, D. 2017. These 19 Companies Are Racing to Build Self-Driving Cars in The Next 5 Years. Business Insider UK, January 12. Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.com/companies-making-driverless-cars-by-2020-2017-1?r=US&IR=T). (Stewart, J. 2016. Tesla’s Self-Driving Car Plan Seems Insane, But It Just Might Work. Wired, October 24. Retrieved from https://www.wired.com/2016/10/teslas-self-driving-car-plan-seems-insane-just-might-work/). (Fortune. 2017. GM and Lyft Plan to Deploy Thousands of Self-Driving Chevy Bolts. February 17. Retrieved from https://fortune.com/2017/02/17/gm-lyft-chevy-bolt-fleet/) (Johnson, C. and Walker, J. 2016. Peak Car Ownership: Market Opportunity of Electric Automated Mobility Services. Rocky Mountain Institute. Retrieved from https://rmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Mobility_PeakCarOwnership_Report2017.pdf).

7 Source: US Bureau of Transport Statistics. 2001. National Household Travel Survey. Retrieved from https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/highlights_of_the_2001_national_household_travel_survey/html/section_01.html.

8 U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). 2015, U.S. average household spending on all except public transport in 2015. Consumer Expenditure Survey 2015. August. Retrieved from https://www.bls.gov/opub/reports/consumer-expenditures/2015/pdf/home.pdf.

19 US EIA. 2016. US Electricity Demand and Supply Balance. Retrieved on February 22, 2017 from https://www.eia.gov/

21 U.S. Department of Energy. 2013. Grid Storage. December. Retrieved from https://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2014/09/f18/Grid%20Energy%20Storage%20December%202013.pdf.

22 Seba, Tony. 2006. Winners Take All — The 9 Fundamental Rules of High Tech Strategy. Amazon Digital Services LLC.

23 Pension Rights Center. Income of Today’s Older Adults. Retrieved from https://pensionrights.org/resources/information-center/.

24 Malito, Alessandra. 2017. Why American millennials may never get to live alone. Market Watch, March 19. Retrieved from https://www.marketwatch.com/story/why-millennials-may-never-get-to-live-alone-2017-02-23.

25 Boak, Josh. 2015. 1-in-4 US renters spend half their pay on rent and utilities. Associated Press, May 1. Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.com/1-in-4-us-renters-spend-half-their-pay-on-rent-and-utilities-2015-5.

26 Trialability is ease of testing or using a product or service. See Rogers, E. M. 2003. Diffusion of Innovations. New York: Free Press.

27 Peteraf, M. 1993. The Cornerstones of Competitive Advantage: A Resource-Based View. Strategic Management Journal 14(3): 179-191.

28 Laing, Keith. 2016. Obama pledges nearly $4 billion for self-driving cars. The Hill, January 14. Retrieved from https://thehill.com/policy/transportation/265932-obama-pledges-nearly-4-billion-for-self-driving-cars/.

29 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Automated Vehicles. Retrieved from https://www.nhtsa.gov/technology-innovation/automated-vehicles-safety.

30 California Department of Motor Vehicles. Testing of Autonomous Vehicles. Accessed April 19, 2017. Retrieved from https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/dmv/detail/vr/autonomous/testing.

31 Burgess, Matt. 2017. California could get truly driverless cars with new rules. Wired, March 13. Retrieved from http://www.wired.co.uk/article/california-self-driving-autonomous-cars.

33 Retrieved from FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, here https://fred.stlouisfed.org/graph/?g=hh3.

35 (Kelley Blue Book. 2016. Retrieved from here).

37 U.S. Geological Survey 2017. Lithium. Retrieved from https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/lithium/mcs-2017-lithi.pdf.

39 The Economist. 2016. Uberworld. September 3. Retrieved from https://www.economist.com/leaders/2016/09/03/uberworld.

47 Bomey, Nathan. Average age of cars on U.S. roads breaks record. USA Today. July 29, 2015. Retrieved from https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2015/07/29/new-car-sales-soaring-but-cars-getting-older-too/30821191/.

52 Hull, D. 2016. The Tesla Advantage: 1.3 Billion Miles of Data. Bloomberg, December 20. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-12-20/the-tesla-advantage-1-3-billion-miles-of-data.

53 Stewart, J. 2016. Tesla’s Self-Driving Car Plan Seems Insane, But It Just Might Work. Wired, October 24. Retrieved from https://www.wired.com/2016/10/teslas-self-driving-car-plan-seems-insane-just-might-work/

54 Muoio, D. 2016. Tesla Just Made a Big Move to Take On Uber. Business Insider UK, October 26. Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.com/tesla-driverless-ridesharing-plans-could-take-on-uber-2016-10?r=US&IR=T.

55 Newcomer, E. 2016. GM Invests $500 Million in Lyft. Bloomberg, January 04. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-01-04/gm-invests-500-million-in-lyft-to-bolster-alliance-against-uber.

56 Hanley, S. 2016. BMW to Launch 40 Self-Driving Cars in Preparation for Ride Sharing Service. Teslarati, December 06. Retrieved from http://www.teslarati.com/bmw-self-driving-cars-ride-sharing-service/.

57 Nicola, S. 2016. Daimler Boosts Blacklane Stake as Ride-Sharing Market Heats Up. Bloomberg, August 01. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-08-01/daimler-boosts-blacklane-stake-as-ride-sharing-market-heats-up.

58 (Chafkin, M. 2016. Uber’s First Self-Driving Fleet Arrives in Pittsburgh This Month. Bloomberg, August 18. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2016-08-18/uber-s-first-self-driving-fleet-arrives-in-pittsburgh-this-month-is06r7on). (Tesla. 2016. The Electric Road Trip. Retrieved from https://www.tesla.com/electric-road-trip).

59 Hawkins, A. 2017. Tesla’s Crash Rate Dropped 40 Percent After Autopilot Was Installed, Feds Say. The Verge, January 19. Retrieved from https://www.theverge.com/2017/1/19/14326258/teslas-crash-rate-dropped-40-percent-after-autopilot-was-installed-feds-say.

60 King, I. and Copolla, G. 2017. Intel to Buy Mobileye for About $15 Billion Car Tech Push. Bloomberg, March 13. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-03-13/intel-to-buy-mobileye-for-about-15-billion-themarker-says.

61 U.S. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. 2017. National Transportation Statistics. Table 1-40: U.S. Passenger-Miles (Millions). Retrieved from https://www.bts.gov/archive/publications/national_transportation_statistics/table_01_40. See also, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, National Household Travel Survey Daily Travel Quick Facts, 2002. Retrieved from https://www.bts.gov/statistical-products/surveys/national-household-travel-survey-daily-travel-quick-facts

62 Lee, D. 2016. Tony Seba Predicts the Internal Combustion Engine Will Be Obsolete by 2030 – Why? What Are the Implications? Value Innovations, January 17. Retrieved from https://valueinnovations.com/tony-seba-predicts-the-internal-combustion-engine-will-be-obsolete-by-2030-why-what-are-the-implications/.

63 Brian, M. 2017. Samsung EV Battery Offers 500 km Range with 20 Minutes of Charge. Engadget, January 09. Retrieved from https://www.engadget.com/2017-01-09-samsung-sdi-fast-charge-car-battery.html.

64 Ayre, J. 2015. 10 Biggest Electric Car Battery Manufacturers Are... Clean Technica, May 6. Retrieved from https://cleantechnica.com/2015/05/06/10-biggest-electric-car-battery-manufacturers-are/.

65 Carson, B. 2016. 2016. Uber Has Quietly Launched its Own ‘Uber for Trucking’ Marketplace Called Uber Freight. Business Insider UK, October 26. Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.com/uber-to-launch-uberfreight-for-long-haul-trucking-2016-10?r=US&IR=T.

66 Torrey, F., and Murray, D. 2015. An Analysis of the Operational Costs of Trucking: 2015 Update. American Transportation Research Institute, September. Arlington, Virginia. Retrieved from https://truckingresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/ATRI-Operational-Costs-of-Trucking-2015-FINAL-09-2015.pdf

67 Punte, S. 2009. Opportunities and Challenges for Fuel and Emissions Reductions in Trucks in China and Asia. Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities Center. Retrieved from http://cleanairasia.org/wp-content/uploads/portal/files/presentations/Shanghai_Green_Fleet_-_Sophie_Punte_8Dec09_Compatibility_Mode.pdf.

68 Evangelist, J. 2016. Improving Fleet Utilization: Getting to 100%. Fleet Owner, December 12. Retrieved from http://fleetowner.com/fleet-management/improving-fleet-utilization-getting-100.

69 Grobart, S. 2015. Daimler Veers into Maximum Overdrive: The Company’s Self-Driving Freightliner Truck Hits the Road. Bloomberg, May 14. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-05-14/daimler-s-freightliner-tests-self-driving-truck-in-nevada.

70 Dillet, R. 2016. Uber Acquires Otto to Lead Uber’s Self-Driving Car Effort. Tech Crunch, August 16. Retrieved from https://techcrunch.com/2016/08/18/uber-acquires-otto-to-lead-ubers-self-driving-car-effort-report-says/.

71 U.S. Department of Transportation. 2015. Freight Facts and Figures 2015. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.21949/1501678

73 BYD. 2017. K11 Electric Transit Bus. Retrieved from https://en.byd.com/bus/.

74 Davis, S.C. and Williams, S.E. 2016. Table 1.16 Transportation Petroleum Use by Mode, 2013- 2014. In Transportation Energy Data Book. Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Retrieved from https://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/files/Pub37730.pdf.

76 U.S. Energy Information Administration. 2015. Oil: Crude and Petroleum Products Explained. Retrieved from https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/index.cfm?page=oil_refining.

77 Econtrader. 2014. How much gasoline does a barrel of crude oil produce. Retrieved from http://www.econtrader.com/economics/explain/how-much-gasoline-one-barrel-crude-oil.htm.

78 Canadian Fuels Association. The Economics of Petroleum Refining - Understanding the business of processing crude oil into fuels and other value added products. December 2013. Retrieved from https://www.canadianfuels.ca/website/media/PDF/Publications/Economics-fundamentals-of-Refining-December-2013-Final-English.pdf.

79 Nelson, B. 2013. Black secures $25 billion for Kitimat oil refinery. Business Vancouver, March 11. Retrieved from https://biv.com/article/2013/03/black-secures-25-billion-for-kitimat-oil-refinery.

80 Refinery Retrofit. 2006. Montreal Gazette, September 21. Retrieved from https://www.pressreader.com/canada/montreal-gazette/20060921/282041912614828

82 Ghaddar, A. 2017. Oil Overhang Points to Need for Extended OPEC Output Cuts. Reuters, February 10. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-oil-opec-storage-analysis-idUSKBN15P12B.

83 Randall, T. 2016. Here’s How Electric Cars Will Cause the Next Oil Crisis. Bloomberg, February 25. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2016-ev-oil-crisis/.

84 Clark, P., Campbell, P. 2016. Motor Industry: Pressure On the Pump. Financial Times, August 30. Retrieved from https://www.ft.com/content/31d68af8-6e0a-11e6-9ac1-1055824ca907.

85 Kemp, J. 2015. The Oil Crash Explained: John Kemp On The 5 Causes That Led to Oil’s Decline. Reuters, February 9. Retrieved from https://blogs.thomsonreuters.com/financial-risk/asset-investment-management/the-oil-crash-explained-5-causes-that-led-to-oils-decline/.

90 Levin, S. 2016. Dakota Access Pipeline: The Who, What and Why of the Standing Rock Protests. The Guardian, November 03. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/nov/03/north-dakota-access-oil-pipeline-protests-explainer.

92 U.S. Department of State (DOS). 2014. Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement for the Keystone XL Project. January. Retrieved from https://keystonepipeline-xl.state.gov/documents/organization/221135.pdf.

95 Phillips, E. and Jackson, P. 2015. Beyond Cost Cutting: The Opportunity for Oilfield Services and Equipment Companies. Bain & Company, December 02. Retrieved from https://www.bain.com/insights/beyond-cost-cutting-the-opportunity-for-oilfield-services-and-equipment-companies.

96 Shell. 2016. Capital Markets Day 2016: Re-shaping Shell to Create a World Class Investment Case. July 07. Retrieved from https://www.shell.com/media/news-and-media-releases.html#press-release-archives.

97 Katakey, R., Hoffman, A. and Rascouet, A. 2017. Shell Sells $4.7 Billions of Fields as Disposals Accelerate. Bloomberg, January 31. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-01-31/shell-sells-some-north-sea-oil-assets-for-up-to-3-8-billion.

98 Katakey, R., Jordan, A. 2017. Shell Cuts Debt with $7.25 Billion Sale of Canada Oil Sands. Bloomberg, March 9. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-03-09/shell-agrees-to-sell-oil-sands-operations-for-7-25-billion

99 Martin, M. and Narayanan, A. 2017. Saudi Aramco Hires Banks for First Time Bond Sale Ahead of IPO. Bloomberg, February 06. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-02-06/saudi-aramco-said-to-hire-banks-for-first-bond-sale-ahead-of-ipo.

100 Chazan, G. 2016. Eon and RWE Pursue Radical Restructurings. Financial Times, May 18. Retrieved fromhttps://www.ft.com/content/316ce884-1cdc-11e6-a7bc-ee846770ec15.

101 Krauss, C. 2016. Exxon Concedes It May Need to Declare Lower Value for Oil in Ground. The New York Times, October 28. Retrieved from here. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/29/business/energy-environment/exxon-concedes-it-may-need-to-declare-lower-value-for-oil-in-ground.html

103 Fagnant, D. J. and Kockelman, K. M. 2014. The Travel and Environmental Implications of Shared Autonomous Vehicles, Using Agent-Based Model Scenarios. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 40: 1-13.

104 (U.S. Department of Transportation. 2015. Transportation and Housing Costs. Retrieved from https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/livability/fact_sheets/transandhousing.pdf). 

106 Auto Alliance. 2016. America’s Automobile Industry Is One of the Most Powerful Engines Driving the US Economy. January 26. Retrieved from https://autoalliance.org/economy/.

107 Greenhouse, S. 2016. Autonomous Vehicles Could Cost America 5 Million Jobs. What Should We Do About It? LA Times, September 22. Retrieved from https://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-greenhouse-driverless-job-loss-20160922-snap-story.html.

108 Futurism. 2017. Universal Basic Income: The Answer to Automation? Retrieved from https://futurism.com/images/universal-basic-income-answer-automation.

109 Solon, O. 2016. Self-Driving Trucks: What’s the Future for America’s 3.5 Million Truckers? The Guardian, June 17. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/jun/17/self-driving-trucks-impact-on-drivers-jobs-us.

110 (Tesla. 2014. Gigafactory. February 26. Retrieved from https://www.tesla.com/sites/default/files/blog_attachments/gigafactory.pdf).

111 (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics(BLS). 2017. Occupational Outlook Handbook. Transportation and Material Moving Occupations. Retrieved from https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/home.htm).

113 (Mosendz, P. 2014. Here’s How Long It Takes to Get An Uber in US Cities. Newsweek, April 12. Retrieved from http://europe.newsweek.com/exclusive-heres-how-long-it-takes-get-uber-across-us-cities-289133?rm=eu).

114 (International Transport Forum (ITF). 2017. ITF Transport Outlook 2017. Retrieved from http://www.itf-oecd.org/transport-outlook-2017).

115 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2014. Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Retrieved from https://www.bls.gov/ooh/transportation-and-material-moving/home.htm.

117 U.S. Department of Transportation. 2006. Transportation’s Role in Climate Change. Retrieved from https://climate.dot.gov/about/transportations-role/overview.html.

118 (US Department of State. 2015. The United States’ Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC). March 31. Retrieved from https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/submissions/indc/Submission%20Pages/submissions.aspx).

121 US EIA. 2017. Transportation: Travel Indicators: Light-Duty Vehicles = 8500 lbs. In Annual Energy Outlook. Retrieved from https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/archive/aeo17/.

123 Anair, D., Nealer, R. and Reichmuth, D. 2015. Cleaner Cars from Cradle to Grave, How Electric Cars Beat Gasoline Cars on Lifetime Global Warming Emission. Union of Concerned Scientists. Retrieved from https://www.ucsusa.org/sites/default/files/attach/2015/11/Cleaner-Cars-from-Cradle-to-Grave-full-report.pdf.

124 ibid.

125 Helms, H., Pehnt, M., Lambrecht, U. and Liebich, A. 2010. Electric Vehicle and Plug-in Hybrid Energy Efficiency and Life Cycle Emissions. 18th International Symposium Transport and Air Pollution: 113—274.

126 Faias, S., Sousa, J., Xavier, L., Ferreira, P. 2011. Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions Evaluation for Electric and Internal Combustion Vehicles using a LCA Approach. International Conference on Renewable Energy and Power Quality 1(9): 1382—1388.

128 Ayre, J. 2017. Tesla Gigafactory Rooftop Solar System To Be 7 Times Larger Than Largest Rooftop Solar System Today. Clean Technica. January 16. Retrieved from https://cleantechnica.com/2017/01/16/gigafactory-feature-70-mw-solar-pv-system-document-teslas-recent-january-4-investor-event-reveals/.

129 Apple. 2016. Apple Joins RE100, Announces Supplier Clean Energy Pledges. September 19. Retrieved from https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2016/09/apple-joins-re100-announces-supplier-clean-energy-pledges.html.

130 World Health Organization (WHO). 2016. Ambient Air Pollution: A Global Assessment of Exposure and Burden of Disease. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241511353

131 Measured by individuals’ willingness to pay to reduce the risk of dying (OECD. 2014. The Cost of Air Pollution: Health Impacts of Road Transport. OECD Publishing, Paris. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/env/the-cost-of-air-pollution-9789264210448-en.htm).

132 World Health Organization. 2015. Economic Cost of the Health Impact of Air Pollution in Europe: Clean Air, Health and Wealth. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/europe/home?v=welcome.

133 OECD. 2014. The Cost of Air Pollution: Health Impacts of Road Transport. OECD Publishing, Paris. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/env/the-cost-of-air-pollution-9789264210448-en.htm.

134 World Health Organization. 2015. Global Status Report on Road Safety. Retrieved from https://www.afro.who.int/publications/global-status-report-road-safety-2015.

135 Seba, T. 2014. Clean Disruption of Energy and Transportation: How Silicon Valley Will Make Oil, Nuclear, Natural Gas, Coal, Electric Utilities and Conventional Cars Obsolete by 2030. Clean Planet Ventures, California.

136 Noland, E. 2016. Oil: Assessing Global Geopolitical Risks. CME Group. August 31. Retrieved from http://www.cmegroup.com/education/featured-reports/oil-assessing-global-geopolitical-risks.html.

137 Politico Magazine. 2016. The Hidden Consequences of the Oil Crash. January 21. Retrieved from http://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/01/oil-crash-hidden-consequences-213550.

138 U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA).. 2016. How Much Petroleum Does the United States Import and Export? October 4. Retrieved from http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=727&t=6.

139 Egbue, O. and Long, S. 2011. Critical Issues in the Supply Chain of Lithium for Electric Vehicle Batteries. Engineering Management Journal 24(3): 52-62.

140 Lithium reserves (million tons): Bolivia: 9, Chile: 7.5, US: 6.7, Argentina: 6.5, Australia: 1.7, and China: 5.1. U.S. Geological Survey. 2016. Lithium. Retrieved from https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/lithium/mcs-2016-lithi.pdf.

141 Reuters. 2016. What Price Lithium, the Metal of the Future? June 6. Retrieved from https://fortune.com/2016/06/06/lithium-price-tesla-metal-future/.

142 Home, A. 2016. What Price Lithium, the Metal of the Future? Reuters, June 07. Retrieved from http://www.reuters.com/article/us-lithium-batteries-ahome-idUSKCN0YS19D.

143 Benchmark Minerals Intelligence. 2016. Elon Musk: Our Lithium-Ion Batteries Should Be Called Nickel –graphite. June 16. Retrieved from https://www.benchmarkminerals.com/blog-archive/elon-musk-our-lithium-ion-batteries-should-be-called-nickel-graphite/.

144 Qnovo. 2016. The Cost Components of a Lithium-Ion Battery. January 11. Retrieved from https://qnovo.com/82-the-cost-components-of-a-battery/.

145 Lacey, S. 2016. “Stem CTO: Lithium-ion Battery Prices Fell 70% In The Last 18 Months.” Green Tech Media, June 28. Retrieved from https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/stem-cto-weve-seen-battery-prices-fall-70-in-the-last-18-months.

146 Lithium and cobalt experts at Benchmark Minerals. Retrieved from https://www.benchmarkminerals.com/.

147 BYD. 2017. World’s First Mass Produced 40Ft Long Range Battery-Electric Bus. Retrieved from https://en.byd.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/k9mc.pdf.

148 Will L. 2016. “Come as You Are — Lithium, Cobalt and Tesla’s Battery Problem.” Harvard Business Review, November 4. Retrieved from https://d3.harvard.edu/platform-rctom/submission/come-as-you-are-lithium-cobalt-and-teslas-battery-problem/.

149 Petersen, J. 2016. “Electric Vehicle Batteries Face Two Critical Mineral Constraints.” Seeking Alpha, November 30. Retrieved from https://seekingalpha.com/author/john-petersen.

151 Burton, M. 2017. How Does the Hottest Metals Trade Work? First, Find Storage. Bloomberg, January 24. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-01-24/how-does-the-hottest-metals-trade-work-first-find-a-warehouse.

152 Cobalt Blue Holdings. 2017. Cobalt. Retrieved from https://cobaltblueholdings.com/our-strategy/cobalt/.

154 Power Technology. 2017. Buses and Batteries: A Rising Sector. Retrieved from http://www.power-technology.com/features/featurebuses-and-batteries-a-rising-sector-4904956/.

155 Lambert, F. 2016. Breakdown of Raw Materials in Tesla’s Batteries and Possible Bottlenecks. Electrek, November 01. Retrieved from https://electrek.co/2016/11/01/breakdown-raw-materials-tesla-batteries-possible-bottleneck/.

156 Cardwell, D. 2016. GM and Nissan Reusing Old Electric Car Batteries. The New York Times, June 16. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com

mes.com/2015/06/17/business/gm-and-nissan-reusing-old-electric-car-batteries.html

157 McIntire-Strasburg, J. 2015. The Electric Vehicle Battery Can and Should Be Recycled. Clean Technica, July 23. Retrieved from https://cleantechnica.com/2015/07/23/electric-vehicle-battery-can-recycled/.

159 (Arcus, C. 2016. Battery Lifetime: How Long Can Electric Vehicle Batteries Last? Clean Technica, May 31. Retrieved from https://cleantechnica.com/2016/05/31/battery-lifetime-long-can-electric-vehicle-batteries-last/).

160 UCLA Law and UC Berkeley School of Law. 2014. Reuse and Repower: How to Save Money and Clean the Grid with Second-life Electric Vehicle Batteries. September. Retrieved from https://www.law.berkeley.edu/files/ccelp/Reuse_and_Repower_--_Web_Copy.pdf.

161 Ayre, J. 2016. Recycling EV Batteries More Cost-Competitive than Using for Home Energy Storage – Lux Research Echoes Tesla CTO JB Straubel. Clean Technica, November 24. Retrieved from https://cleantechnica.com/2016/11/24/recycling-ev-batteries-makes-sense-using-home-energy-storage-lux-research-echoes-tesla-cto-jb-straubel/

163 Lambert, F. 2016. Tesla Model S Battery Pack Data Shows Very Little Capacity Loss Over High Mileage. Elecktrek, June 16. Retrieved from https://electrek.co/2016/06/06/tesla-model-s-battery-pack-data-degradation/.

164 Confirmed in interviews with Chanje Energy and other sources such as Industrial Minerals. 2016. “Dissecting Lithium Battery Technology.” June 02. Retrieved from https://www.fastmarkets.com/industrial-minerals-is-part-of-fastmarkets.

167 Industrial Minerals. 2016. Dissecting lithium battery technology. June 02. Retrieved from https://www.fastmarkets.com/industrial-minerals-is-part-of-fastmarkets.

170 Electric Vehicle News. 2016. Chevy Bolt EV Requires Zero Maintenance. December 12. Retrieved from http://www.electric-vehiclenews.com/2016/12/the-chevy-bolt-ev-requires-zero_12.html

171 Proterra. 2017. Unparalleled Durability. Retrieved from https://www.proterra.com/performance/durability/.

173 (Edgerton, J. 2017. Cars People Keep for 10 Years. CBS News, January 05. Retrieved from https://www.cbsnews.com/news/10-cars-people-keep-for-10-years/).

176 Cartrack. 2016. Integrated Annual Report. Retrieved from https://www.cartrack.us/support-and-legal/terms-and-conditions.

177 Viereckl, R., Ahleman, D., Koster, A., Jursch, S. 2015. Connected Car Study 2015: Racing Ahead with Autonomous Cars and Digital Innovation.Price Waters Coopers, December 16. Retrieved from http://www.strategyand.pwc.com/reports/connected-car-2016-study.

179 Ramsey, M. 2015. Self-driving Cars Could Cut Down on Accidents, Study Says. The Wall Street Journal, March 5. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/self-driving-cars-could-cut-down-on-accidents-study-says-1425567905.

180 Securing America’s Future Energy (SAE). Commission on Autonomous Vehicle Testing and Safety. 2017. January 5. Retrieved from https://secureenergy.org/commission-on-autonomous-vehicle-testing-and-safety-releases-recommendations-for-industry-led-regulatory-framework/.

181 Hawkins, A. 2017. Tesla’s Crash Rate Dropped 40 Percent After Autopilot Was Installed, Feds Say. The Verge, January 19. Retrieved from https://www.theverge.com/2017/1/19/14326258/teslas-crash-rate-dropped-40-percent-after-autopilot-was-installed-feds-say

182 Brian Wang. 2016. Intel will deliver 100X increase in deep learning training. Next Big Future, November 26. Retrieved from https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2016/11/intel-will-deliver-100x-increase-in.html.

183 The Economist. 2016. Autonomous Car Insurance: Look, No Claims! September 22. Retrieved from here.

184 Gonder, J., Earleywine, M., and Sparks, W. 2012. Analyzing Vehicle Fuel Saving Opportunities through Intelligent Driver Feedback. SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars — Electronic Electrical Systems 5(2):450-461.

185 (Johnson, C. and Walker, J. 2016. Peak Car Ownership: Market Opportunity of Electric Automated Mobility Services. Rocky Mountain Institute. Retrieved from https://rmi.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Mobility_PeakCarOwnership_Report2017.pdf).

186 Seba, T. 2014. Clean Disruption of Energy and Transportation: How Silicon Valley Will Make Oil, Nuclear, Natural Gas, Coal, Electric Utilities and Conventional Cars Obsolete by 2030. Clean Planet Ventures, California

187 Wikipedia. Swanson’s law. Accessed April 10. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swanson's_law.

188 Mahapatra, S. 2016. New low solar price record set in Chile – 2.91c per kWh! Clean Technica, August 18. Retrieved from https://cleantechnica.com/2016/08/18/new-low-solar-price-record-set-chile-2-91%C2%A2-per-kwh/.

189 Kurzweil. 2001. The Law of Accelerating Returns. March 21. Retrieved from https://www.thekurzweillibrary.com/the-law-of-accelerating-returns.

190 McAlone, N. 2015. This man invented the digital camera in 1975 – and his bosses at Kodak never let it see the light of day. Business Insider, August 17. Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.com/this-man-invented-the-digital-camera-in-1975-and-his-bosses-at-kodak-never-let-it-see-the-light-of-day-2015-8.

191 The Economist, 2012. The last Kokak moment? Jan 14. Retrieved from http://www.economist.com/node/21542796.

192 Seba, T. 2014. Clean Disruption of Energy and Transportation: How Silicon Valley Will Make Oil, Nuclear, Natural Gas, Coal, Electric Utilities and Conventional Cars Obsolete by 2030. Clean Planet Ventures, California

193 Wikipedia. Disruptive innovation. Accessed April 10, 2017. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disruptive_innovation.

194 AAPL Investors. 2017. iPhone US Pricing History. Retrieved from http://aaplinvestors.net/stats/iphone/pricing/

195 Virki, T. 2007. Nokia’s cheap phone tops electronics chart. Reuters, May 3. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nokia-history-idUSL0262945620070503.

196 Seba, T. 2014. Clean Disruption of Energy and Transportation: How Silicon Valley Will Make Oil, Nuclear, Natural Gas, Coal, Electric Utilities and Conventional Cars Obsolete by 2030. Clean Planet Ventures, California

197 Downes, L., and Nunes, P. 2013. Big-Bang Disruption. March, Harvard Business Review. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2013/03/big-bang-disruption.

198 Shafer, M., Smith, H., and Linder, J. 2005. The Power of Business Models. February. Business Horizons 48(3):199-207.

199 Sisario, B., and Russel, K. 2016. In Shift to Streaming, Music Business Has Lost Billions. The New York Times, March 24. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/25/business/media/music-sales-remain-steady-but-lucrative-cd-sales-decline.html.

200 McHaney, S. 2015. In the age of streaming music, just how much is a listen worth? NPR, February 4. Retrieved from http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/age-streaming-music-just-much-listen-worth/.

201 Consumer Technology Association. 2016. IoT is getting much smarter. i3, March 21. Retrieved from https://www.cta.tech/News/i3/Articles/2016/March-April/IoT-is-Getting-Much-Smarter.aspx.

202 Wikipedia, Internet protocol suite. Accessed April 10, 2017. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite.

203 IBM. Understand the fundamentals of IBM Blockchain. Accessed April 10, 2017. Retrieved from https://www.ibm.com/blockchain.

204 ROS. About ROS. Accessed April 10, 2017. Retrieved from http://www.ros.org/about-ros/.

205 Udacity. 2017. Free Course: Artificial Intelligence for Robotics by Georgia Tech. Retrieved from https://www.udacity.com/course/artificial-intelligence-for-robotics--cs373.

206 Udacity. 2017. Self-Driving Car Challenge. Retrieved from https://www.udacity.com/didi-challenge.

207 OSVehicle. EDIT: a new modular self-driving car, in white-label. Accessed on April 10. Retrieved from https://www.osvehicle.com/.

208 Wikipedia. Economies of scale. Accessed on April 10. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economies_of_scale.

209 Oremus, W. 2016. Tech Companies Are Dominating the Stock Market as Never Before. Slate, July 29. Retrieved from https://slate.com/business/2016/07/the-world-s-5-most-valuable-companies-apple-google-microsoft-amazon-facebook.html.

210 Fiegerman, S. 2012. The Experts Speak: Here’s what people predicted when the iPhone came out. Business Insider, June 29. Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.com/iphone-predictions-from-2007-2012-6.

211 Lunden, I. 2015. 6.1B Smartphone Users Globally by 2020, Overtaking Basic Fixed Phone Subscriptions. Tech Crunch, June 2. Retrieved from https://techcrunch.com/2015/06/02/6-1b-smartphone-users-globally-by-2020-overtaking-basic-fixed-phone-subscriptions/.

212 Ibid.

213 InfoPlease. 2017. Total Population of the World by Decade, 1950 – 2050. Retrieved from https://www.infoplease.com/world/population/total-population-world-decade-1950-2050.

214 Kamath, M. 2015. To reach 50 million users Telephone took 75 years, Internet took 4 years however Angry Birds took only 35 days!! TechWorm, March 13. Retrieved from https://www.techworm.net/2015/03/to-reach-50-million-users-telephone-took-75-years-internet-took-4-years-angry-birds-took-only-35-days.html.